A Study of Brain and Central Nervous System Cancer: A Global Perspective Comparison Brain and Central Nervous System Cancer: A Perspective Comparison
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract
Brain and central nervous system cancer is one of the most dangerous types of tumors affecting the central nervous system, as it arises as a result of abnormal growth of cells inside the brain. Cancer may be primary, that is, it arises directly in the brain, or secondary when cancer moves from another organ in the body to the brain, and the severity of the disease varies depending on the type of tumor, its location, and extent of spread. This review intends to discuss one of the dangerous cancers to human life, accompanied with analyzing its global data, and making the necessary comparisons. Publications from WHO, the International Agency for Research & Cancer, and Cancer Today 2024 on the incidence and mortality of male and female brain and central nervous system cancer in global continents and UN regions were used, with a comparison made to find their indicators, and the survival rates in different regions were discussed, illustrated with charts. The results indicated that the number of incidences is not few, but the mortality rate was very high, which reflected on weak survival rates. The results indicated that the number of incidences and mortality in females was lower than in males. In conclusion, a brain tumor is a growth of cells in or near the brain. Brain tumors can occur in the tissues of the brain. They can occur near brain tissue. Such nearby places include nerves, the pituitary gland, the pineal gland, and membranes covering the surface of the brain. The analysis proved that the mortality rate was very high, which directly affected the survival rate, especially for males.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Journal of Medical and Oral Biosciences uses a Creative Commons Attribution (CC Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0) and its license of (CC BY-SA 4.0). This license allows the authors to hold ownership of the copyright of their articles.
Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0). 
Under the CC BY-SA 4.0 the authors are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
References
1. Park J, Park YG. Brain Tumor Rehabilitation: Symptoms, Complications, and Treatment Strategy. Brain Neurorehabil. 2022; Nov 29;15(3):e25. doi: 10.12786/bn.2022.15.e25.
2. Kabitha KK, Moses S, Karunakar H, Sunil K. Ashok S. A comprehensive review on brain tumor. Ijpcbs 2013;3;(4)1165-1171.
3. Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, Brat DJ, Cree IA, Figarella-Branger D, Hawkins C, Ng HK, Pfister SM, Reifenberger G, Soffietti R, von Deimling A, Ellison DW. The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021;02:23(8):1231-1251.
4. Bonato B, Nanni L, Bertoldo A. Advancing Precision: A Comprehensive Review of MRI Segmentation Datasets from BraTS Challenges (2012–2025). Sensors 2025; 25:1838. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25061838
5. Choi E, Kim SI, Won JK, Chung CK, Kim SK, Choi SH, Choi S, Han B, Ahn B, Im SW, Park SH. Clinicopathological and molecular analysis of multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumors of the cerebrum. Hum Pathol. 2019;86:203-212.
6. Wang C. et al., Genetic and clinical characteristics of genetic tumor syndromes in the central nervous system cancers: implications for clinical practice. iScience. 2024;27; 111073.
7. Yunus Emre Karataş, Songül Çınaroğlu. “Global Outlook for Disability Adjusted Life Years: Brain and Central Nervous System Cancers”, International Medical Journal. 2025;7(1):100-6.
8. Gao H, Jiang X. Progress on the diagnosis and evaluation of brain tumors. Cancer Imaging. 2013; Dec 13:(4) 466-81. doi: 10.1102/1470-7330.2013.0039.
9. https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2016/misfolded-dna
10. Bin Huangfu, Xuanchen Liu, Xiao Wang, Xiaochen Niu, Chunhong Wang, Rui Cheng & Hongming Ji. “Global trends and burden of brain and central nervous system cancers in adolescents and young adults GBD 2021 study”. Scientific Report. 2025;15:17049.
11. Fan Y, Zhang X, Gao C, Jiang S, Wu H, Liu Z, Dou T. Burden and trends of brain and central nervous system cancer from 1990 to 2019 at the global, regional, and country levels. Arch Public Health. 2022 Sep 17;80(1):209. doi: 10.1186/s13690-022-00965-5. PMID: 36115969; PMCID: PMC9482735
12. Farheen Danish, Hira Salam, Muhammad Asif Qureshi, Mughal Nouman. “Comparative clinical and epidemiological study of central nervous system tumors in Pakistan and global database”, Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery. 2021;25:101239.
13. Girardi F, Di Carlo V, Stiller C, et al. “Global survival trends for brain tumors, by histology: analysis of individual records for 67,776 children diagnosed in 61 countries during 2000–2014 (CONCORD-3)”. Neuro-Oncology. 2023;25:593-606.
14. Huang, J, Chan, SC, Lok, V, Zhang, L, Lin, X, Lucero-Prisno, DE, et al “Disease burden, risk factors, and trends of primary central nervous system (CNS) cancer: a global study of registries data”. Neuro-Oncology. 2023; 25:995–1005.doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noac213
15. Huang J, Chan SC, Lok V, Zhang L, Lin X, Lucero-Prisno DE, Xu W, Zheng ZJ, Elcarte E, Withers M, Wong MCS; NCD Global Health Research Group; Association of Pacific Rim Universities (APRU). Disease burden, risk factors, and trends of primary central nervous system (CNS) cancer: A global study of registries data. Neuro Oncol. 2023 May 4;25(5):995-1005. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noac213. PMID: 36048182; PMCID: PMC10158137.
16. Jose Bien R. Hernandez; Peggy Y. Kim. “Epidemiology Morbidity And Mortality” National Library of medicine, NIH. (2022).
17. Liu X, Cheng LC, Gao T Y, Luo J & Zhang C. “The burden of brain and central nervous system cancers in Asia from 1990 to 2019 and its predicted level in the next twenty-five years: burden and prediction model of CNS cancers in Asia”. BMC Public. Health. 2023; 23, 2522.
18. Louis, DN, Perry, A, Wesseling, P, Brat, DJ, Cree, IA, Figarella-Branger, D, et al. “The 2021 WHO classification of Tumors of the central nervous system: a summary”. Neuro-Oncology. 2021;23:1231–51. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noab106
19. Maimaiti, A, Tuersun, M, Wang, X, Mijiti, M, Wu, H, Cong, C, et al. “Global, regional, and national burden of brain and central nervous system cancers for males from 1990 to 2021 and its predicted level in the next 25 years”. Neuroepidemiology. 2024;1–20. doi: 10.1159/000541917
20. McNamara C, Mankad K, Thust S, Dixon L, Limback-Stanic C, D’Arco F, et al. (2022), “2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a review for the neuroradiologist”. Neuroradiology. 2022; 64:1919–50. doi: 10.1007/s00234-022-03008-6.
21. Miller KD, Ostrom QT, Kruchko C, Patil N, Tihan T, Cioffi G, Fuchs HE, Waite KA, Jemal A, Siegel RL, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. Brain and other central nervous system tumor statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021 Sep;71(5):381-406. doi: 10.3322/caac.21693. Epub 2021 Aug 24. PMID: 34427324.
22. Ostrom QT, Price M, Ryan K, et al. (2022), "CBTRUS statistical report: pediatric brain tumor foundation childhood and adolescent primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2014-2018". Neurooncologist. 2022;24:iii1-38.
23. Palmer JD, Prasad RN, Cioffi G, et al. Exposure to radon and heavy particulate pollution and incidence of brain tumors. Neuro-Oncology. 2022;25:407-17.
24. Priyatha Vemparala, Mohit Lakkimsetti, Dhruval Pinalkumar Patel, e tal, (2024), “Global, national, and regional burden of brain and central nervous system cancer in youth under 20 from 1990-2019: A benchmarking analysis”, j0urnal of clinical oncology.
25. Teng H, Yan O, Xiao C, Wang X, Liu Z, and Xu J. "Trends, age shifts, and potential delayed peaks post-pandemic of early-onset brain and central nervous system cancers in individuals aged 20-49: a cross-sectional study". Int J Surg. 2024;111:1760-72.
26. WHO, International Agency for Research & Cancer, Cancer Today 2024.
27. Xueling Zhao, Menghao He, Renyi Yang, Nuojin Geng, Xinhua Zhu and Ning Tang, “The global, regional, and national brain and central nervous system cancer burden and trends from 1990 to 2021: an analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021”, frontier, Neuro-Oncology and Neurosurgical Oncology. 2025;16 https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2025.1574614.
28. Zirui Li, Xin Chen, Shuai Han, and Anhua Wu. The comparative burden of brain and central nervous system cancers from 1990 to 2021 between China, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan. BMC Public Health. 2025;25:2670.