Prevalence of Minimal Invasive of Facial Cosmetics among Undergraduate Students at Ishtar Medical Institute, Baghdad, Iraq Facial Cosmetics prevalence among Undergraduate Students at IMI, Baghdad, Iraq
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Cosmetic procedures have become increasingly popular worldwide among youths, reflecting changing societal norms and technological advancements. This study intends to investigate the prevalence of minimally invasive facial cosmetic procedures among undergraduate students, and factors affect the use of these procedures. An institution-based cross-sectional study conducted among undergraduate students of Ishtar Medical Institute from October 2025 to March 2026. The data collected by using an online questionnaire that covered many domains, including socio-demographic data and data related to invasive facial cosmetic procedures. The number of respondent students to the online questionnaire was 594. About 13.8% of them underwent minimal invasive facial cosmetic procedures. Student age, gender, residency, region of residence, and family income were found to be statistically significant predictors for cosmetic procedure use. The percentages of the students seek cosmetic interventions were 46%, and 39.6%, for the desire of beautify and attraction, and social media influence respectively. While, 43% of the students who had no cosmetic procedures reported that IFC procedures were not necessary. The most reported procedures were lip filler (42.7%) and laser hair removal (25.6%). Among those who had IFC, 35.4% did it in beauty centers and 26.8% in clinics. In conclusion, the moderate prevalence of IFCs among the undergraduate students underscores the need to understand the psychological factors influencing the desire to undergo these procedures. Additionally, factors like age, gender, living situation, and housing status are significant predictors.to determine the role of phage therapy in routine clinical practice.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Journal of Medical and Oral Biosciences uses a Creative Commons Attribution (CC Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0) and its license of (CC BY-SA 4.0). This license allows the authors to hold ownership of the copyright of their articles.
Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0). 
Under the CC BY-SA 4.0 the authors are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
References
1. Li K, Meng F, Li YR, Tian Y, Chen H, Jia Q, Cai H, Jiang HB. Application of Nonsurgical Modalities in Improving Facial Aging. Int J Dent. 2022 Feb 24;2022:8332631. doi: 10.1155/2022/8332631. PMID: 35251183; PMCID: PMC8894069.
2. Triana L, Huatuco RMP, Campilgio G, Liscano E. Trends in Surgical and nonsurgical aesthetic procedures: A 14-year analysis of the International society of aesthetic plastic surgery-ISAPS. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2024; 48(20):4217-4227. doi: 10.1007/s00266-024-04260-2. PMID: 39103642
3. Liu Y, Mao R, Xiao M, Zhu W, Liu Y, Xiao H . Facial rejuvenation: a global trend of dermatological procedures in the last decade. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2024; 12:5801. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000005801. PMID: 38841523; PMCID: PMC11150033
4. Taleb AR, Hannani H, E. Mojiri M, A. Mobarki O, A. Daghriri S. et al. Prevalence and patterns of cosmetic dermatological procedures in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus, 2024;16(10):e71223. doi: 10.7759/cureus.71223. PMID: 39525226 ; PMCID: PMC11549948
5. Devgan L, Singh P, Durairaj K. Minimally invasive facial cosmetic procedures. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America, 2019; 52(3):443-459. DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2019.02.013. PMID: 30954270
6. Almasri1 RA, Alomawi MA , Alotaibi MF, Al Ghamdi SJ, Alahmadi MA, Alhabshan HA, Alosaimi MS. Number of cosmetic procedures among women in Saudi community. IJMDC, 2019; 3(11):920-925. doi: 10.24911/IJMDC.51-1566658969.
7. Ali IO, Ismael NH. Acceptance of cosmetic procedures among students at the University of Sulaymaniyah /Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Study. Mosul Journal of Nursing, 2025; 13(2):142-170. https://doi.org/10.33899/mjn.2025.160011.1136.
8. Amiri L, Galadari Hal, Mugaddam FSouid AK, Stip E, Javaid SF. Perception of cosmetic procedures among Middle Eastern youth. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2021;14:E74–E 83. PMID: 35096259 ; PMCID: PMC8794487
9. Jairoun AA, Al-Hemyari SS, Shahwan MS,Jamshed S, Bisgwa J. Development and validation of a novel cosmetics safety assessment scale (CSAS):Factual understanding of cosmetic safety and fostering international awareness. PLOS ONE November 10, 2022. |https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276938
10. Jovic M,Sforza M,Jovanovic M, Jovic M. The Acceptance of cosmetic surgery scale: confirmatory factor analyses and validation among Serbian adults. Curr Psychol. 2016;36(4):707–718. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276938
11. Raosoft Sample Size Calculator. (2024). Sample Size Calculator by Raosoft, Inc. http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html10.
12. IBM Corp (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
13. Abdullah FZ. Prevalence of cosmetic surgery and its relationship with psychosocial status: a population based study in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. Journal of Public Mental Health, 2024; 23 (2): 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMH-02-2024-0019
14. Bin Rubian NF,Elfaki AM,Almuhadib SR, Aldulijan FA,Qasim RS, Nagshabandi SR, Al-Ohail HY, Alsubaie SS. Aesthetic procedures and psychological welling in Saudi college students: An in-depth exploration. Clinical, Cosmetic, Investigational Dermatology, 2024; 17:1365-1376. DOI: 10.2147/CCID.S462841. PMID: 38881698; PMCID: PMC11178093
15. Al Shatari SAE,Razzaq HA,Mohammad H. Prevalence of non-surgical aesthetic-cosmetic procedures among Iraqi women. World J of Advance Healthcare Research, 2025; 9(3):36-42 www.wjahr.com
16. Jin X, Twayigira M, Yhang W, Gao X, Luo X, Xu H, et al. .Prevalence and associated factors of minimally invasive facial cosmetic surgery in Chinese college students. BMC Psychiatry, 2022 Jan 10;22(1): 22-27. DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03676-3. PMID: 35012505; PMCID: PMC8750801.
17. Ng H, Yeak S, Phoon N, Lo S. Cosmetic procedures among youths: a survey of junior college and medical students in Singapore. Singapore Med J, 2014; 55(8):422-6 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2014100. PMID: 25189303 ; PMCID: PMC4294091
18. Kmari S, Atem TD, Chaudhary V, Sahu SK, Pal B. Prevalence and risk factors of cosmetic-induced adverse events: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science.2024; 14 (11):252-263. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2024.193512.
19. El eman FH, Bauony ESM, El-Gilany AH, Taref NN. Prevalence, determinants and adverse events of cosmetics use among University female students: A study in Egypt.Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 2022; 13(2):499-509. DOI:10.21608/ejhc.2022.226560
20. ALawadhi,E, Ibrahim D, Saadallah A, Awada Z. Prevalence of minimally invasive facial cosmetics surgery and its association with mental health among college students in Kuwait. Front. Public Health. 2025; 13:1678308 . Doi:103389/fpubh.2025.1678308.
21. Lafta RH and Kareem IA. Cosmetic intervention among Iraqi women, prevalence and associated factors (demographic, place, and time). JPMA. 2024; 74:S10 (Suppl-8):101-104. doi: 10.47391/JPMA-BAGH-16-23. PMID: 39434282.
22. Kadhim YS, Al-Jobori SS, Moneum ZS. Knowledge and Perceptions of Facial Cosmetic Procedures among Women in Karbala, Iraq. Karbala Journal of Medicine, 2024; 7(2): 2737-45 Doi: karbalajm.v17i2/ 10.70863.
23. Bondagji MF, Sindi EE, Alamri GH, Fageeh SM, Niyazi AA, Alotaibi DOA, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices With Regard to Cosmetic Procedures among the General Population in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus, 2024 Jan 13; 16(1): e52214. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52214. PMID: 38347971 ; PMCID: PMC10859720
24. Alhawal JK, Almasalmeh HJ, Nahas LD. A Study of the prevalence and awareness of non surgical cosmetic procedures at Syrian Private University. Research Square. 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3185581/v1.
25. Al Hindi AM, Abdalla SM, Al-Mutairi BA, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of cosmetic procedures among population of Majmaah, Saudi Arabia, 2019-2020. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2022; 16(2):907. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22162907
26. Alghamdi HY, Alrashed AM, Alzahrani SA, Altalhi IA, et al. The health impacts, prevalence, and acceptance level of cosmetics interventions among females in Saudi Arabia. Aesthetic Surgery Journal Open Forum, 2023; 5 (0):1-10. DOI: 10.1093/asjof/ojad053. PMID: 37441562; PMCID: PMC10335163
27. Doheyan T, Saad A, Haidar A, Fwzan H, Askar J, Malki F, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practices concerning cosmetic surgery among female medical students at the University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research. 2016; 14(4):1–10. DOI: 10.9734/BJMMR/2016/22887